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No. FirstView Articles (2026)

October 2026

Investigating the influences of student- and school-level factors on mental well-being: The empirical insights from SSES 2023 China data

  • Jinpeng Niu

Journal of Happiness and Health, No. FirstView Articles (2026), 10 October 2026 , Page 84-98
https://doi.org/10.47602/johah.v6i2.167 Published: 11.07.2026

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Abstract

The present study investigated the influences of student- and school-level factors on the mental well-being of Chinese primary and secondary school students (N = 6,612), in light of the 2023 Survey on Social and Emotional Skills (SSES) data. A hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analysis was adopted as the statistical approach. At student-level, the results indicated that body image, health behaviors, positive emotions at school, growth mindset, sense of belonging at school, peer relationships, engagement at school, and participation in extra-curricular activities are all positively related to mental well-being; whereas, negative emotions at school and academic anxiety are negatively linked to mental well-being; in addition, bullying victimization, disruptive behaviors, and teacher-student relationships have no significant association with mental well-being. At school-level, it was found that positive attitudes and relations in school, school’s offer of extra-curricular activities, and school safety situation are all positively associated with mental well-being; whereas, teachers’ views on discrimination and equity, school practices to combat bullying, social and emotional learning, and parent engagement in school have no significant association with mental well-being. The research findings were discussed in terms of Chinese cultural and educational context, which may provide potential policy implications for improving the mental well-being of Chinese primary and secondary school students.

Keywords:
  • Mental well-being
  • primary and secondary school students
  • influencing factors
  • multilevel analysis
  • HLM
  • SSES 2023
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How to Cite

Niu, J. (2026). Investigating the influences of student- and school-level factors on mental well-being: The empirical insights from SSES 2023 China data. Journal of Happiness and Health, 6(FirstView Articles), 84–98. https://doi.org/10.47602/johah.v6i2.167
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Journal of Happiness and Health (JOHAH) is a peer-reviewed journal covering happiness and provides an international forum for the science of happiness and health. The JOHAH, which is published two times a year, is an open-access that publishes research outcomes with significant contributions to the understanding and improvement of happiness and health and publishes research regarding the happiness of populations across the life span. The journal publishes research free from all access barriers, allowing for global distribution and more citations.

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